Which classification of science did mathematics and logic belong to?

Mathematics and logic are classified as Basic or Pure Sciences because they focus on the foundational principles and abstract concepts that are not directly concerned with the physical world or human behavior. Instead, they deal with the study of numbers, structures, forms, and relationships through rigorous reasoning and proof. This categorization emphasizes their theoretical nature, as they serve as a basis for understanding and formulating theories across various scientific disciplines.

Basic or Pure Sciences are integral to the development of knowledge in numerous fields, including both natural sciences, which explore the physical universe, and social sciences, which examine human behavior and societies. However, mathematics and logic stand apart from these classifications due to their foundational role and abstract nature. They do not rely on empirical observation or experimentation in the same way that natural sciences do, nor do they focus on societal or behavioral phenomena as human or social sciences do.

Understanding the classification helps in recognizing how fundamental concepts in mathematics and logic provide essential tools for other scientific inquiries, highlighting their essential role in the broader landscape of scientific knowledge.