What does Watson's Hierarchy of Needs include as lower-order biophysical needs?

Watson's Hierarchy of Needs emphasizes the importance of addressing fundamental human requirements necessary for survival and optimal functioning. The lower-order biophysical needs specifically refer to essential physiological needs that must be met for an individual to maintain health and well-being. These include food and fluid intake to provide nourishment and hydration, elimination to maintain bodily functions and waste removal, and ventilation to ensure adequate oxygen supply.

These basic needs form the foundation of Watson's model, as they are critical for sustaining life before addressing higher-order psychological or emotional needs. Understanding this hierarchy helps nurses prioritize patient care, ensuring that the most essential physical needs are addressed as a prerequisite to improving overall health, promoting higher levels of functioning, and fostering well-being.

The other options pertain to higher-order needs or different aspects of human experience that are not categorized under the lower-order biophysical needs, making them less relevant in this context. For instance, achievement and affiliation, activity, inactivity, and sexuality, as well as self-actualization, all reflect psychological and social dimensions of human existence, which are considered higher on the hierarchy and are contingent upon the fulfillment of basic physical needs.